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Gut Microbiota in Obesity

What Is Obesity?  Obesity is a chronic disease1 defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. It is a multifactorial disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose (ie, fat) tissue.2 Body weight, energy intake, and energy expenditure – crucial factors of obesity – are influenced and regulated by various factors such as hormonal, metabolic,...

Food Addiction and Metabolic Health

What Is Food Addiction? Food addiction describes addictive behavior associated with food that leads to coverconsumption.1 Researchers in the field also refers to it as an “eating addiction”, placing an emphasis on the addictive nature of the behavior instead of the food itself. Individuals with food addiction may struggle to control how much and how often they...

Resistant Hypertension

What Is Resistant Hypertension?  Resistant hypertension describes a type of high blood pressure that is resistant or unresponsive to treatment.1 It is typically defined as uncontrolled blood pressure in hypertensive individuals despite the use of three or more of different classes. The different classes usually include a calcium channel blocker (CCB), a diuretic, and either an angiotensin-converting...

Blood Pressure Medications

Blood Pressure Medications For certain individuals with high blood pressure, or hypertension, taking blood pressure-lowering medications (ie, antihypertensives) can be helpful in managing their blood pressure (BP) as well as cardiovascular risks.1 Although lifestyle modification is the first line treatment for hypertension, antihypertensives may become necessary for individuals with certain hypertensive characteristics.2  According to the 2017 American...

Pancreas and Its Hormones: Insulin & Glucagon

Pancreas is an organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions that plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis.1 It is known to be composed of five different endocrine cell types that produce different types of hormones. The hormones insulin and glucagon – major players in glucose homeostasis – are produced by the beta and alpha cells of...